What is the 3-layer system and should you start using it too?

It’s become standard for some people by now, the 3-layer system. Among athletes and in the outdoor world, this is a common term, but what exactly is it and how does it work? What layers should you put on and what’s the point of this system? With the information below, we will try to give you clarity and give you some tips and advice to help you make your decision.

WHAT IS THE 3-LAYER SYSTEM?

The classic 3-layer system was introduced in 1987 and is based on three layers, with a base layer keeping your skin dry and comfortable, the middle layer providing insulation and wicking away perspiration, and finally the third layer protecting you from the elements, such as wind and rain.

Since its introduction, the 3-layer system has become the standard for many athletes and especially in outdoor sports for their clothing choices in activities such as hiking, winter sports and climbing, specifically in cold and wet weather conditions. The 3-layer system is mainly focused on the upper body. For the lower body, a 2-layer system is often used. The same applies to your hands. Although here, sometimes 1 layer is also used like a lined glove. Your head also loses a lot of heat. Therefore, don't forget to wear a hat or buff.

THE DIFFERENT LAYERS

The first layer - base layer

The base layer or first layer drains perspiration and keeps your skin dry and warm. During intensive activity, you may sweat a lot. This is your body's function to regulate your body temperature. Moisture is produced during the perspiration process and it’s important that this moisture is removed to the next layer as quickly as possible. If this doesn’t happen in time, your body will become damp and feel clammy and cold.

To avoid this, choose a fabric that can easily and quickly wick away moisture. Commonly used materials for this are synthetics, such as polyester or polypropylene. These fabrics retain almost no moisture or odour, allowing perspiration to escape and keeping the body warm and dry. Another commonly used material is merinowool. With its natural moisture-regulating properties and very fine structure, this type of wool feels good on the skin and is perfect as an underlayer.

Many of our wardrobes are filled with cotton shirts. Are these not suitable as a base layer? Unfortunately, cotton is a bad choice because it does not wick away moisture very well. Instead, it retains it, which can make your body wet a cold. So for the base layer, consider thermal clothing that are made of synthetic fabrics or merinowool.

The second layer - middle layer

The middle or second layer has two important tasks: keeping the body warm and draining moisture from the first layer. Unlike the base layer, this layer may be a little looser around the body. An additional advantage of using several layers is that the air between them also contributes to insulation and moisture will be better wicked away.

Depending on the activity and weather conditions (and thus the insulation required), you can choose between a thinner or a thicker mid-layer. For a thinner mid-layer, you usually end up with a fleece or wool jacket. Fleece has the advantage that it wicks away moisture quickly and is very light.

When choosing a slightly thicker mid-layer, you end up with the insulating jacket. This type of jacket can have different fillings, namely: synthetic, down, wool or a combination of these materials. Each type of filling comes with its own pros and cons. We will sum these up for you below.

An insulating jacket can also be used as a second and third layer at the same time in certain weather conditions. However, this type of jacket is never waterproof and therefore unsuitable as a top layer in rain or snow.

The third layer - outer layer

The outer layer is your protection against rain and wind. So it’s important that your outer layer is wind- and waterproof. To avoid getting wet from the inside, it’s also important that your outer layer is breathable. This seemingly opposite combination of functions is possible by using a special kind of membrane, such as Gore-Tex or Dermizax. With such membranes, heat can get out, while rain and wind cannot get in through the very small openings. Jackets and trousers with these properties are called hardshell jackets and trousers.

Are you in a place where it doesn't rain? Then a water-repellent jacket might also be an option. These jackets are windproof and breathable but not necessarily waterproof.

Are you going fishing or birdwatching? Then breathability is less important and you can also choose a jacket that is non-breathable but water- and windproof.

So by using the 3-layer system, you have plenty of options. By taking a layer on or off, you can quickly adapt your outfit to the weather.

ALTERNATIVES TO THE 3-LAYER SYSTEM

Besides the 3-layer system, there are also some alternatives. Thanks to innovations with the materials used, there are garments that combine functions of multiple layers. Some examples are softshells or lined (waterproof) clothing.

The softshell combines the functions of the mid-layer and the top layer. In addition to insulation, softshells also offer protection against wind and light rain. Softshells are also a lot more flexible than hardshells. All these properties mean that there are plenty of situations where two layers of clothing are sufficient or even preferable.

Besides softshells, there are also padded jackets. These jackets combine the top and mid-layer in one. This is frequently used with ski jackets. The disadvantage of type of jacket is that the jacket is less breathable and less flexible. For example, when it’s very warm, you don't have the option of taking off the mid-layer.

IS THE 3-LAYER SYSTEM RIGHT FOR YOU?

So the 3-layer system is actually not as complex as it may seem. Still not sure which garments you need? At Twinseasons, we are happy to advise you on the different options of the 3-layer system. Visit out shop or ask your question in an e-mail.